Dominant Position of a Company

According to the European competition case law, a dominant position is defined as â€Å"the power of a firm to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and consumers†. It is obvious that a firm or several firms which hold a dominant position can determine price, the amount of production, supply and this is because these firms can act independently of their competitors and customers.As a result, dominant position can lead to the market power and in this situation a firm or several firms have an ability to individually make a big influence on the price and total quantity produced which could result to the market failure. But does this definition make an economic sense and how it should be interpreted in monopoly and oligopoly? Firstly, we need to understand exactly the actual meaning of a dominant position.It is a situation when a firm has an ability to behave independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately the final consumer. A well known example of monopolistic dominance is Microsoft’s market in PC operating systems. In monopoly some members in a market can gain market power allowing them to stop other important gains from trades and this can make the allocation of recourses inefficient due to imperfect competition. As going back to my example, Microsoft illegally used its market power by bundling its web browser with its operating system.In economics, market power is the ability of a firm to independently determine the market price and the production of a good or a service, of course, in perfectly competitive markets – market power vanishes. From this example we actually see that Microsoft has an ability to make a big influence on the price or other outcomes in the market by using its dominant position because that kind of a firm can raise price, outcomes without worrying of losing its customers.On the other hand, not only one firm can hold a dominant position, but also a dominant position can be held among several firms and this is called oligopolistic dominance. For example: in 2008 Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, Nextel and T-Mobile together controlled approximately 89 % of the United States cellular phone market. In this situation sometimes firms can decide to make some secret agreements in order, for example, to raise prices of cellular phones leading to the profit maximization, knowing that they still are not going to lose their costumers.Of course, there is opinion that oligopoly is better than monopoly, because oligopolistic dominance (several firms who have a dominant position) could help to stabilize unstable markets, for example dominant firms could set some kind of prices which could help other producers to survive in the certain market and this is called a price leadership, however the welfare of economics in oligopoly is not easy to analyze and to determine if it is going to have a positive reaction.Furthermore, now we know that the definition of dominant position ma kes an economic sense, because when a firm has a power to behave independently and can make a big influence on the welfare of the economics (prices, total quantity produced, efficiency in allocating the resources), market power and later market failure could occur. We also know that a market failure is a situation when the allocation of recourses is inefficient due to imperfect competition when not all sellers and buyers can be satisfied.In order to prevent market failure, each government imposes some policies such as subsidies, taxes, minimum wage, some price controls, however sometimes happens that these policies also create inefficiency in allocating the recourses and it is called government failure. Going back to the original topic, dominant position is not an exception.According to the European competition case law, dominant positions are not forbidden but in order for firms not to abuse that position they have a special responsibility: dominant firms must not allow their strat egic decisions to make a negative influence on competition in the market, in other words, dominant firms cannot intentionally prevent or eliminate competition. Moreover, in order to determine the definition of dominant position in monopoly, at first we need to understand the basic aspects of it.Monopoly is a situation when a certain agent is the only one who supplies a particular good, of course, it is obvious that this market has a lack of economic competition. In monopoly a company has a much bigger profit than it could expect in competitive market, because that only firm regulates all the prices and services for that certain good. As a result, it can raise the price and maximize its profit without worrying of losing its customers. So, the dominant position in monopoly is a market with a single agent which has a power to operate independently and has an ability to make a big influence on the prices and production.Finally, to do the same in oligopoly we also need to understand the basic aspects of it. Oligopoly is the market share of several firms which together make a big influence to the price or other outcomes of a certain market, however the difference between monopoly and oligopoly is that in oligopoly firms do not operate independently, because then they could lose some of their customers to their competitors. That is why several dominant firms always try to cooperate together and sometimes they even make some secret agreements in order to maximize their profits.So, the dominant position in oligopoly is the market share of several dominant firms who have an ability to make big influence on the prices and production. To sum up, we actually see that a dominant position can be defined variously in different areas but still all definitions will have the same meaning: a dominant position creates a market power which evidence to the inefficiency of allocating the resources in economic markets and sometimes leading to the market failure, but in some cases domi nant position is the key of stabilizing unstable markets.

Economics and management Quantity Surveying Essay

Economics and management Quantity Surveying - Essay Example onstruction industry worldwide employs huge numbers of workers as this industry is labour driven; if there is lack of labour the construction industry encounters huge challenge. The attrition in this industry is higher compared to others as wage becomes the problem (Wong, 2003). The labours do not get the motivation to work in this sector as they cannot find ways to improve their standard of living by employing their skills. Construction companies concentrate on planning, leading, organizing and controlling the operation in order to excel in the present competitive world. Managers focus on these aspects before executing the project. There have been a number of researches pertaining to construction industry, which have highlighted the fact unambiguously that the project managers are the most important success factor of the projects. Herbert et al. (1970 cited in Goetsch and Davis, 2006) has identified that little attention has been given to the leadership issue that arises in the construction industry on a regular basis. In spite of this situation, there are several researches pertaining to this issue and the authors have provided their views accordingly. Although the researches failed to address the main issues in the industry instead, they highlighted the general problems that are encountered by all the industries worldwide. The reason behind the inefficiency to provide the exact reason pertaining to e ffectiveness of leadership in construction industry is the lack of understanding. Therefore, the present essay lays emphasis on the importance of leadership in the construction industry (Hotho and Dowling, 2010). Leadership is defined as the behaviour of an individual by virtue of which one aims at directing or controlling a group of team members. It is a reciprocal process that encourages individuals to concentrate on values, political and economic resources so as to achieve an ascertained goal. The leaders should posses the ability to direct their subordinates

Abraham Lincoln-6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham Lincoln-6 - Essay Example As a wartime president, Abraham served as the principal commander of armies (Dirck 20). This entitled him to the obligation of deciding and implementing war policies. For instance, Lincoln devised the union plan that required armies to liaise towards defeating the opponent. Lincoln also established strategies that guided the militia. This ensured that they operated in unison because of observation of regulations. In addition, Abraham defeated armies that failed to conform to the union. This became possible by mobilizing union armies that would defeat the Confederate counterparts (Dirck 20). Therefore, the adoption of strategy enabled armies to fight with corporation. He thus ascertained that the North region outdid the war dealings in the southern hemisphere. Lincoln possessed powers over the armies and outplayed orders concerning military executions. During wartime, Abraham ascertained that Republican Party displayed compactness. This explicates that Lincoln displayed equal treatments to all the fronts and culminated to members feeling that the party favored their existence. He also involved efforts of recruiting blacks into the army to ensure fairness. This depicted equality stated in the charter that regulated states. However, his ideology of recruiting blacks faced protest from democrats plus republicans. This draws explications from issues of race and information that Whites encompassed a superior ranking compared to African Americans. Therefore, Lincoln strategized his military role under the Republican alliance. In addition to war, Abraham entails depictions of an enthusiastic anti-slave campaigner. He pioneered in counteracting slavery by introducing an emancipation policy (Myers 726). The policy meant that those owning enslaved people to free them. This measure aimed at giving liberty to enslaved men. Therefore, Abraham urged the freeing of slaves and forced those refuting the order to comply. This culminated to slaves enjoying the freedom like

Education system in Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education system in Japan - Essay Example The education system possesses great importance in the Japan because it has played vital role in determining the dimensions of economic and social progression of the country. Japan always strives to catch the western standards in science and education and for this purpose special emphasis has been given to the educational policies in the country (Hendry, 1987). Earlier the French and German models of educations were used for bringing reforms in the Japanese education systems. However, after the Second World War some special reforms were introduced into the system following the patterns of American education after which there were some major changes occurred within the Japanese education system. It has been regarded that the economic recovery and development of Japan became possible due to the effective management and policies of education system that not only emphasize upon providing formal education to the students but also focus upon developing and polishing their socializing skill s (Rebecca and Gerald, 2000). Japan is among the world best countries having the population with 100% enrolment in the compulsory classes due to which the illiteracy rate is zero in Japan. The education system of Japan follows the Japanese characteristics of group behaviour and heavily insists upon group interaction and peer connections. Unlike American education system Japan stresses upon controlled individual responsibility by observing the group rules. It is unveiled that the teaching culture in Japan significantly differs from the western countries. The Japanese education system has a different approach towards preparing the students to take place in the wider society. The education system widely insists upon maintaining cooperative relationship with the peers, to follow the routine of the school and to give critical importance to punctuality (Peak, 1992). Right from the beginning the students are trained to become responsible. They learn to focus upon management of certain task s starting from desks cleaning and classroom floors scrubbing. The education specifically insists upon developing loyalty with the social groups like class, sports teams, friends, after school circles etc. due to focus upon the maintaining strong social relationship the students become able to act as effective leaders in their future lives. They learn to play the roles of leaders as well as subordinates because their organization and socializing skills are well developed during their school life by performing the roles of monitors, class chairperson and lunchtime etc. The socializing skills of the students are further developed through different activities and events like class meetings and group discussions. Through these activities the public speaking skills of the students are polished and they become able to perform active role in their future lives. As the students move from the school to higher education they are further trained to take part is wider society through the develo pment and refinement of their socializing skills. The student school committees are generally established to train them about the organized and disciplined hierarchical work (Sugimoto, 1997). During the high school years the peer group culture reached its peak and the students are trained to become active members of the school committees, groups and class as well as the society. At this stage, they have been taught to learn about nature and ranking of high school because it has obvious impact upon their professional careers and future. The students are also prepared for different destinations so that they become able to adjust them is different type of circumstances and situation. The education system also insists upon fostering consensus and harmonious nature within the Japanese society for which the societal problems are also addressed by creating caring environment within the schools and other educational institutions (Hendry, 1987). The Japanese

Running the Government without Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Running the Government without Debt - Essay Example However, what is equally disturbing is that the US government moved away from surplus budgets during the latter period and never even gave it a rethink. There has been a marked tendency to succumb to populist agendas and vested interests which marked the post-surplus era in the US economy. In most cases, ‘popular sentiment’ is but a facade for narrow political gains. This era has seen a marked increase in spending, not only for new ventures but also for cutting down unnecessary and wasteful expenditure. While running a government without debt is likened to running a company, we conveniently forget that a company does so out of a lack of choice. No company can afford or receive the luxury of unlimited credit and ultimately should plough its profits back into the system. Only in the rarest of rare cases can a company expect a bailout package. However, such measures are time bound and come at a price. Hence, a balanced or surplus deficit is the only way out for a sound fina ncial system. 1. Curtailing Big Spending The three areas that can directly impact federal spending are defense, social security, health care and interest on debt. Striking at these revenue guzzlers will eliminate the need for deficit budgets. As the saying goes, a penny saved is a penny earned. Defense seems to be one area of spending where the only way is the way up. After the end of the cold war era, the need for maintaining massive armaments has become irrelevant. The US, with its relative isolation from Europe, Asia and Africa does not require increased spending in arms either in the long or short term. Intervention in foreign countries should be brought down to the barest minimum. Instead of unilateral incursions into certain nations, the US should focus on diplomatic initiatives as a measure to reform them. This would keep public anger at check by reducing losses and reverses suffered by the military abroad. The use of the armed forces should be restricted to peace keeping and for ensuring that humanitarian aid reaches the intended target. The nation’s nuclear arsenal should be used only as a deterrent and not to encourage an arms race among states. Social Security is another area where reforms are called for. The ceiling on payroll tax should be removed so that income over the threshold limit can be brought under the tax net. Gradually raising this rate can cover the shortfall in this area over the course of time. With a graying population, one should take a serious note of the retirement age. This should be gradually and progressively raised to 75 to compensate for the additional expense incurred by maintaining the present retirement age. Likewise, we need to identify the extent of retirees who are affluent enough to either be taxed or have their benefits curtailed. Health Care is the third area which can do with cost cuts. As Cox (April 5, 2011) reports in CNBC, there is a need to shift the burden on Medicare and Medicaid spending from the pati ents, and thereby the state to the providers of health care i.e. hospitals. As in the case of social security, the age for eligibility to Medicare can also be increased from the present 65 to reduce costs. Debt Interest is the area that could seriously affect the debt levels over time. With more public debt owned by foreigners, interest payments leave the country rather than circulate within the nation if US citizens received the interest on debt. 2. Increasing the Revenue Directly increasing the revenue by

Population Growth and Climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Population Growth and Climate change - Essay Example All these happenings are consequences of human activities, which immensely increase the levels of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Ever since the beginning of the industrial revolution, human activities such as burning of fossil fuels such as coal, deforestation, agricultural and industrial processes have risen (United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Policy, 1998). However, most of the greenhouse gases emanate from the burning of fossil fuels for energy. The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases behave like a blanket over the surface of the earth and trap energy. The entrapped energy causes the earth to heat up hence the reported temperature increases. Some activities that cause the emission of greenhouse gases are under the control of man and yet many more are beyond man’s jurisdiction. Numerous scientific researches reveal that human influence plays a crucial role in this quagmire (The heat is onli ne, n.d.). Therefore, it goes without saying that the magnitude of greenhouse gases emitted is proportional to the number of people inhabiting the earth. Little can be done to reduce the population of people on earth. However, a clear understanding of the effects of the population on climate change is essential in developing a feasible blueprint for the mitigation of the undesired effects of greenhouse gases emission. This paper reviews two articles that look at the relationship between population growth and changes in climate. The Relationship between N2O and CH4 Emissions from Agriculture and Population Growth The population increase and changes in the patterns of expenditure are increasing the universal requirements for agricultural products. Only developed countries are able to meet the increased demand with the escalation of agricultural extension techniques. These techniques increase the quantities of emitted greenhouse gases (GHG) such as methane and nitrous oxide. The 1997 K yoto protocol intends to set boundaries that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases especially in the developed countries (Annex 1). However, the developing countries (non-Annex 1) do not have targeted reduction levels. A report submitted in 2000 reveals that non-Annex 1 countries emit significantly higher amounts of GHG than Annex 1 countries. The rising population estimates that the GHG emissions in non-Annex 1 countries will increase tremendously because such countries heavily rely on agricultural production. Numerous studies focus on CO2 emission in relation to agricultural land use and yet N2O and CH4 absorbs 310 and 21 times more heat per unit weight than CO2 (Beek et al., 2010). This implies that agricultural growth is likely to be accompanied by high emissions of N2O and CH4. This paper uses ten non-Annex 1 countries and captures their key agricultural systems. Data revealing the production trends is obtained from FAOSTAT. Data from primary production (production of cereal) and secondary production (animal production) is expressed in terms of tonnes per year and livestock unit (LU) values. The EDGAR32 database and the national emission inventories of direct and indirect greenhouse gases provides data on N2O and CH4 emission. Statistical analysis reveals the relationship between demographic trends and emission of GHG, which is extrapolated to 2050. Agricultural production, as well as GHG emissions, increases in most countries. The study concludes that there

Psychiatric Nursing Essay Example for Free

Psychiatric Nursing Essay Psychiatric treatment or psychological welfare treatment refers to the field of treatment that is concerned with individuals of each and every age with psychological sickness or psychological suffering, like; bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, despair, dementia or neurosis. However, professionals in this field are given extra teaching in mental treatment, establishing a beneficial coalition that is based on challenging conduct, and the management of psychiatric treatment. The following are some issues facing BC psychiatric nursing; the issue of prisoners, chronic illness, gender, old age and child trauma. Others include; healing choice creation and treatment involvement; medicinal healing and treatment responsibility; nurse and customer verdict creation and crisis resolving; verdict approaches; position clash and position uncertainty. Prisoners Correctional psychological welfare program mainly focuses on suicide avoidance, recognition and healing of the psychologically sick, and continuity of psychiatric healing. The psychiatric professional takes part in an essential function in every one of these plan. The psychiatric professional’s responsibility in a correctional situation is exclusive. This is because the nurse might operate like a staff nurse on an inpatient element giving psychiatric treatment care to prisoners on a given unit or proceed as an outpatient nurse, giving assessments, therapy, or disaster involvement to prisoners in the universal inhabitants. Programs differ in size and range of services in quantity to the inhabitants of the region prison, financial support, and court go-ahead. For instance, a big region prison could give inpatient healing on an inpatient element inside the prison or through an agreement by a psychiatric hospital. Smaller region locks up classically agreement their sensitive services with a local psychiatric hospital. Outpatient-rank services are more often than not given twenty four hours every day in a bigger confinement, whereas minor prisons could give services merely on the day transfer. A minor prison can hire psychological welfare nurses on a part-time basis or none. Countries time and again choose particular jails inside their jail arrangements to give sensitive psychiatric concern or employ sanatorium surroundings inside every jail to become constant and take care of intensely psychologically unwell prisoners. A particular inpatient element in a prison could be a set of cells particularly selected to reside psychiatric patients. Depending on the condition, the region psychological health sector of psychological health services may select or certify the elements for sensitive concern. The elements can be simply confined or empirical accommodation for psychological health patients getting services, apart from an inpatient rank of concern (Achenbach Edelbrock, 1981, p. 281). Chronic illness Treatment dwellings: since individuals who are psychologically unwell at times require lasting therapeutic concern, at times when a treatment residence may be essential. Nevertheless, several treatment dwellings are not set to effectively tackle psychological health concern matters. However, while choosing a treatment dwelling for a cherished individual, make sure that it concentrates on attending to those with persistent psychological sickness. Housing Care services: majority of individuals with persistent psychological sickness obtain the correct rank of concern in inhabited care services. Normally, they give twenty hour recruitment, space and panel, and support with prescription and preparing psychological welfare care arrangements. Grown-up Care services: the services are additionally household oriented than housing care services. However; usually give similar level of concern. They are additionally suitable for individuals whose circumstances are constant. Grown-up care services are not locked, as well as a number them do not give twenty hour employment. However, household Care dwellings: location is more of a distinctive house in that it provides to a larger extent lesser amount of inhabitants and is not normally organized twenty four hours a day. Unluckily, lots of funding for those with persistent psychological sickness will cover this rank of attention, yet people might require the services of a grown-up attention. Supported existing elements: A supported dwelling element, as its name entails, is most suitable for those individuals who are high performing and constant. With supported livelihood, there is less staff control and inhabitants normally exist in apartments are be given services like food, laundry, and medicinal management. Supported livelihood can also be a link to autonomous dwelling, in that if an individual fruitfully contributes in supported existence yearly, one can be capable of changing to a customary residence. Psychiatric elements: they are either supported in or united with sickbays. A single category of psychiatric element focuses in temporary sensitive concern, nearly when an individual is a threat to him or herself, or others. The aim of this circumstance is to stabilize the person and relocate herself or himself to an additional type of competence. Another form of psychiatric component is the one that is united with a state sickbay, and is frequently a protected capacity for those who need long lasting attention. Sexual characteristics. The stand for deed pressurizes that women are allowed to enjoy the uppermost achievable set of bodily and psychological fitness. Creating a relationship between womens individual existence and welfare and their responsibilities in the society, the stand affirms that the pleasure of this right is very important to their existence and welfare and their capacity to take part in every area of communal and personal living. The global meeting on residents and progress accepted that reproductive privileges hold confident individual civil liberties that are already familiar in state rules, global individual human rights credentials and other agreement credentials. omprise of general announcement of individual human rights and its 2 original executive agreements, the global agreement on financial, communal and civilized privileges , which refers to the right of everybody to the pleasure of the uppermost possible set of material and psychological fitness, and the global agreement on public and Political civil liberties , which consists of an amount of welfare related individual civil liberties, such like the freedom of existence, the right to freedom and safety of the individual and the freedom to solitude (Ahmann, 1994, p. 4). However, constructing on the global talks on people and growth and its Program of deed, the policy for an act affirms that the individual privileges of women consist of their freedom to be in charge and come to a decision without restraint and sensibly on issues linked to their sexuality, as well as sexual and reproductive wellbeing, liberated of intimidation, favoritism and hostility. Hard work has improved to regard physical condition in the support of individual civil rights. When physical situation is measured as an individual right, and not simply a societal excellent, civil liberties and tasks require to be explained consequently. The connection between womens individual civil liberties and welfare has been initiated through the joint hard work of womens welfare and womens privileges supporters. In concentration and overlook of womens welfare matters, especially reproductive fitness, in the lawmaking and modifying frameworks of nations, have been accepted as an element of an organized favoritism besides women. Old age Psychiatric ill health is a severe physical condition trouble in old people. Mental ill health is linked to poorer health result in addition to enlarged expenses intended for aged patients with recurring medical situation that are very much common in old age, for instance hip cracks, cancer and heart attack. In older people, the interaction of synchronized medical conditions and psychiatric and results to overwhelming disability and transience, creating exceptional therapies that have largely been neglected by the health care system. The largest part destructive essentials of unfairness in America include; the stigmatization of the very aged and the mentally ill. These prejudiced burdens are apparent in a lack of investigate, and insufficient access to suitable services and healing. Psychological fitness facilities based in the community level mostly lack appropriate services for the aged and personnel qualified to tackle medical needs. Investigation has verified that adults are more probable to be given suitable psychological wellbeing attention, and to contain improved medical results, whilst psychological fitness services are incorporated with universal health check care in the chief care background. Several schedules with numerous suppliers in numerous surroundings add up to an intolerable weight to individuals for whom persistent sickness and bodily disability are severe restraints. In addition, fewer stigmas related to getting psychiatric attention when they are a fundamental element of universal medicinal concern. Mental health in practice ought to have life-altering outcome. For example, sign of pain and despair can be treated even in older age, even in the presence of severe disease and disability, and also for those who stay in the nursing homes. However our health system has done little to convert this systematic information into clinical practice. The persistent approach among clinicians, patients and the society in general believes that being old implies living with pain and despair. For this reason the older people don’t receive the treatment they deserve. Further than the failure to recognize, diagnose, and initiate treatment, recent the next generation of troubles facing older people with mental ill health is unfortunate quality of care follow up. In most studies elderly nursing home people who receive antidepressant medication care, just about half of them continue to have sign, yet they don’t need treatment changes to make sure that they get well. Infant trauma Expert qualified in the nursing and medical treatment of child sexual oppression are often the first specialists taking care of the child and assess needs and can also bare witnesses in court trials. The prime intention of any medical involvement for the child is carryout a physical assessment, a psychological estimate and legal proof for potential proceedings. Children who have sexually been subjugated get to the interest of nurses and physicians in a multiplicity of ways. The child may be attended to by a private doctor or a nurse practitioner in the urgent situation department of a hospital. Big town repeatedly have selected hospitals that attend to child victims of sexual harassments and abuse with qualified, skilled doctors, social workers and nurses. Family may be asked to take a trip some far distance so as to have their child observed and evaluated at one of the dedicated healthcare facilities. A child may also be attended to in the healthcare system through the community or public health, school nurse and outpatient services. Alleged cases of child sexual abuse may moreover be seen first by law enforcement officer who will after that refers the child to the suitable healthcare for assessment. On arrival at the healthcare clinic, the child’s parents will be asked to present their complains. The health evaluation of the sexually assaulted child has a number of steps which include taking of history, Interviewing the child, physical test, and psychological assessment. History taking is the initial step in the health evaluation. The information about the growth and development of the child is provided by the parents (Ahia, 1997, p. 36). The researcher will generally commence with questions that examines the child’s Knowledge about family members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the interviewer may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the researcher will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault. The realistic Interviewing practice is the third step where the interviewer remains objective and neutral in inquiring the child. The questioning should not be threatening to the child or the parents. Researcher should stay as unbiased and goal as probable in enquiring the child is the second step which varies depending on the age of the child and the level of development. The interviewer will evaluate the child’s verbal communication skills and mental and poignant development. The research will usually commence with inquiries that examine the child’s knowledge about family members, familiar events, and personal data. For example, the interviewer may want to establish that the child knows his or her name, date of birth, and grade in school. From these responses, the researcher will decide the finest way for the child to talk about the assault. Certain people should not be allowed in the research area. For instance, asking a child questions in front of the alleged offender or interviewing a child in a room full of adult strangers is stressful and will limit dialogue with the child. A parent or guardian in the room may be reassuring for the child and, after the child becomes comfortable with the interviewer, the parent is often able to exit quietly. A suitable tone should be situated in the research from the beginning. A proper introduction of everyone present is necessary, as is a coherent, understandable explanation of why the interview is taking place. The researcher should request for, not take for granted, teamwork, and assure the child that the interview will be as comfortable as possible. The young person must be given authorization to inquire queries concerning everything that is not understood. A victorious research is one in which the young person is provided with some measure of control, even if it simply means a choice of a toy. Many children who have been sexually harassed have lost an intelligence of power and control over their own bodies and behavior and have learned to be overly compliant and passive. The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the young person before trying to obtain specific information about the victimization. It is over and over again is important to begin by playing with dolls or requesting the child to draw a picture. It is through this early stage that it is most suitable to ask the child’s full name. The researcher may require the young person to write it down on the drawing paper. The young person should not be forced to open up right away; instead the interviewer should try to determine what is preventing the child from talking about the abuse. For instance, a parent may be angry and confused because a child is making allegations about a boyfriend. That parent may have intimidated the child prior to the interview or may have threatened the child with removal from the home. It may be essential for the parent to depart the area organized for the interviewer to obtain certain information. Conclusion Psychiatric nursing face cultural and contextual issues in dealing with psychological sicknesses which may include infant disturbances, gender, issues with the inmates, sexual characteristics, chronic illness and old age . The researcher should set up a universal relationship with the different groups so as to come up with proper results as they assist the clients.